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Staffordshire Spine Marker set

Our gait analysis research focuses on quantifying multi-segment spinal coordination during walking.

While marker-based motion capture readily provides detailed assessment of the lower limbs, the spine has been overlooked. Conventional clinical gait models treat the trunk as a single rigid segment and cannot examine the interactions between the lumbar, lower thoracic, and upper thoracic regions. However, evidence clearly demonstrates inter-segmental mobility of the spine. We utilize 3D marker clusters placed on the back to track the complex tri-planar motions of each spinal region. This structured approach provides clinically relevant data on coordination between the pelvis, lumbar, lower thoracic, and upper thoracic segments in all planes of movement. Our methodology highlights the need to report global movement patterns when analysing relative motions between segments. Standardizing 3D cluster design, construction, and implementation remains an important goal for the field. Overall, our research aims to further understanding of multi-segment spinal kinematics during gait. This knowledge can improve clinical assessment and treatment of gait impairments related to spinal pathologies or injuries. 

Quantifying lumbar-pelvis coordination during gait using a modified vector coding technique.

Needham R, Naemi R, Chockalingam N. J Biomech. 2014 Mar 21;47(5):1020-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.032. Epub 2014 Jan 18. PMID: 24485511

Multi-segment kinematic model to assess three-dimensional movement of the spine and back during gait.

Needham R, Naemi R, Healy A, Chockalingam N. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2016 Oct;40(5):624-35. doi: 10.1177/0309364615579319. Epub 2015 May 19. PMID: 25991730

A new coordination pattern classification to assess gait kinematics when utilising a modified vector coding technique.

Needham RA, Naemi R, Chockalingam N. J Biomech. 2015 Sep 18;48(12):3506-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.023. Epub 2015 Aug 13. PMID: 26303167

Analysing patterns of coordination and patterns of control using novel data visualisation techniques in vector coding.

Needham RA, Naemi R, Hamill J, Chockalingam N. Foot (Edinb). 2020 Sep;44:101678. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2020.101678. Epub 2020 Mar 7. PMID: 32629370

Three-dimensional kinematics of the lumbar spine during gait using marker-based systems: a systematic review.

Needham R, Stebbins J, Chockalingam N. J Med Eng Technol. 2016;40(4):172-85. doi: 10.3109/03091902.2016.1154616. Epub 2016 Mar 24. PMID: 27011295 Review

Quantifying three-dimensional lumbar kinematics during gait using optoelectronic motion capture: a comparison of two kinematic models.

Needham R, Healy A, Chockalingam N. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2021 Jun 28;280:276-277. doi: 10.3233/SHTI210497. PMID: 34190113

Rob Needham

Senior Lecturer- Sports Biomechanics

Prof. Nachiappan Chockalingam

Professor of Clinical Biomechanics

CBRT Staffordshire University